Fireworks are amazing to watch worldwide, but it’s important to remember that firework safety is key. Fireworks come in different categories, such as F1, F2, F3 and F4, each with specific features and safety rules. In this blog, we will explain what each category means and how you can stay safe while enjoying them.
CE Classification System for fireworks
Fireworks are classified into four main groups under the CE classification system. This system, often known as the CE marking system, is a regulatory framework used within the European Economic Area (EEA) to indicate compliance with the European Union (EU) legislation regarding health, safety and environmental protection standards.
The CE classification system categorises fireworks into different groups based on their intended use, hazard level and how they perform. Typically, F1, F2 & F3 fireworks are suitable for the general public, whereas F4 are designed for use by trained professional pyrotechnicians.
What happened to British Standards (BS)
Until mid-2017, some fireworks had a British Standards (BS) label; however, as of 2024, it is now illegal to sell fireworks under BS as the UK now aligns with the CE classification system.
Under BS, Cat F2 fireworks were labelled as garden fireworks with a 5m safety distance or Cat F3 display fireworks with a 25m safety distance, with no middle ground.
CE fireworks are considered better than BS fireworks. However, some fireworks are enjoyed by Europeans but are still banned in the UK. Eventually, there will be a fireworks regulation replacement for CE regulations, but CE remains in place for now.
What are F1 fireworks?
Category F1 fireworks are designed with safety in mind and are deemed a low hazard. They typically produce minimal noise and have a low risk. In the past F1 fireworks were typically regarded as for indoor use, but this has changed since the introduction of CE and now any firework with less than 7g NEC can be classified as F1. Check any packaging as some F1 fireworks may only be suitable for out door use!
Examples of F1 fireworks included:
- Party poppers
- Sparklers
- Small novelty items ( like spinners and strobe pellets )
Safety precautions:
Even though F1-categorised fireworks don’t reach far when fired, it is essential to maintain supervision when handling F1 fireworks to ensure safety, and the minimum safety distance is 1 metre.
What are F2 fireworks?
F2 fireworks are classified as medium-hazard fireworks. They are larger and more powerful than F1 fireworks but are still considered relatively safe when handled properly.
F2 fireworks are suitable for outdoor use in smaller back gardens and require a minimum safety distance of 8 metres. For a firework to be classified as Cat F2 it has to contain less than 500g nec of explosive composition or NEC as it’s usually referred too. However, you may find some fireworks on our website that have a larger safety distance that 8 metres, even though they are Cat F2, this is because the tube sizes and subesquent bursts are larger. Due to this we may advise a 15, 20 or 25 metre distance is best. More on this below.
Examples of F2 Fireworks are:
Safety precautions:
While F2 fireworks are designed to be safer than F3 and F4 fireworks, they still require caution and proper handling. When lighting Cat F2 fireworks outside, it’s recommended that spectators stand at least 8 metres away and ensure there is adult supervision.
In addition to maintaining distance, it is important to store fireworks in cool, dry places away from ignition sources.
Watch the video below as Mark shares his thoughts on why some F2 fireworks could benefit from longer safety distances.
What are F3 fireworks?
Typically, F3 fireworks are labelled as “display fireworks”, whilst you can purchase and use them quite safely as a member of the public, they need a larger safety distance of at least 25 metres. Many schools and charities will purchase display packs from us which contain a mixture of F2 and F3 fireworks and use these to provide a public display raising thousands of pounds for charities and organisations every year.
Examples of F3 fireworks:
Safety precautions:
Due to their higher hazard level, F3 fireworks require a minimum safety distance of at least 25 metres. Ensure that you follow all the instructions on all fireworks when setting them up.
What are F4 fireworks?
The highest category of fireworks is F4, and these are classified as extremely high-hazard fireworks. This is why F4 fireworks are primarily used in professional pyrotechnic displays for major events such as city New Year celebrations and special events such as concerts, weddings, and sporting events.
Examples of F4 fireworks:
- Shells
- Large display cakes / candles with bore sizes over 30mm
Safety precautions:
Handling F4 fireworks requires specialised training. Only fully trained pyrotechnicians should handle F4 fireworks to prevent accidents for both spectators and operators.
There’s a misconseption that all F4 fireworks are extremely powerfull and dangerous, but what makes an F4 firework is actually really boring in some instances. For example. We sell a roman candle “blues & twos” to the general public we also have the exact same firework as a Cat4 firework. The only different, The Cat 4 firework doesn’t have a fancy printed label and a green visco fuse. Instead a plain label and a port for an electronic ignitor.
If you’ve ever wondered what it takes to be a professional pyrotechnician for Cat F4 fireworks, we are holding a Cat F4 experience day; book your slot today!
General Firework Safety Tips
- Store fireworks in a cool, dry place away from heat sources and flammable materials
- Read and follow manufacturer instructions carefully to ensure you handle and ignite safely
- Keep a bucket of water, hose or fire extinguisher nearby in case of emergencies
- Choose a clear, open space away from buildings and trees to ignite fireworks
- Ensure spectators adhere to safety distance guidelines
- Never attempt to relight malfunctioning fireworks or approach duds; wait at least 20 minutes before handling them
Firework Hazard Levels
As well as fireworks being organised into categories depending on the intended use and performance, they are also categorised based on their level of danger due to their chemical composition and design. These can be organised by:
Hazard type 1 ( HT1 or 1.1g fireworks )
1.1g fireworks contain the highest explosive composition and pose the most significant risk. These are usually Cat F3/4 fireworks and are only used in professional displays for significant events.
Hazard type 2 ( HT2 or 1.2g fireworks )
1.2g fireworks still contain significant amounts of explosive material; however, they are less hazardous than 1.1g fireworks.
Hazard type 3 ( HT3 or 1.3g fireworks )
Commonly used in small professional displays like community events, 1.3g fireworks have a lower hazard level but are still unsuitable for consumer use.
Hazard type 4 ( HT4 or 1.4g fireworks )
1.4g fireworks pose a low fire hazard and are designed for use by the general public. These fireworks are commonly sold in retail stores, and people can buy them for personal celebrations in the garden.
What type of firework should you buy?
When selecting what fireworks to purchase, it is crucial to consider various factors to ensure a safe and enjoyable experience. Begin by assessing the category type and hazard level of fireworks suitable for your event. As a consumer, you will want to look for HT4 / 1.4g fireworks or Cat F1/F2 fireworks for private fireworks shows.
If you are looking to host a public event and want to fire Cat F3/F4, you must apply for a permit from local authorities and comply with UK Firework laws. Other steps include planning a safety plan, hiring a professional technician, and ensuring you have insurance coverage.
In conclusion, fireworks can be a fun and exciting way to celebrate special occasions, but safety should always be a top priority. By understanding the different categories of fireworks and their corresponding safety guidelines, you can ensure a safe and enjoyable experience for everyone involved. With precautions in mind, you can sit back, relax, and enjoy dazzling DIY fireworks displays.
